Brexit: Causes and the Future of Britain

Brexit: Causes and the Future of Britain Abstract A referendum was held on June 23rd 2016, to decide whether the United Kingdom (UK) should leave or remain as a part of the European Union (EU). This vote is commonly referred to as Brexit merging words Britain and Exit. The 4 nations of the UK (England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) voted to leave the EU. This paper explores the reasons for the Brexit, its global implications, the current situation and what lies ahead. Keywords:   Referendum, United Kingdom, Brexit, European Union. On June 23rd 2016, a referendum was held to decide whether the UK should leave or remain as a part of the EU, also known as Brexit. The 4 nations of the UK (England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) participated in the referendum with leave winning by 51.9% to 48.1%, with almost 30 million people voting (Hunt A. & Wheeler B., 2017). To understand the reasons for the referendum and why the UK voted to leave the EU, a brief history of the relationship between the UK with the EU is studied. The reasons to vote for and against Brexit as also analyzed, along with its global consequences. Finally, the current situation and how much of the Brexit has been implemented is discussed. European Union and its History with the United Kingdom After the end of the Second World War, the European nations wanted to end the frequent and costly wars between neighbors. In 1957, Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands signed the Treaty of Rome, establishing the European Economic Community (EEC), or ‘Common Market’. (European Union, n. d., para 2). EEC was formed with the goal of economic cooperation between the European nations. The 1960s improved the economy of the EEC members as they started trading without charging custom duties when they traded with each other. On January 1 1973, Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom joined the EEC. Greece became the 10th nation in 1981, followed by Spain and Portugal five years later. In 1986, Single European Act was signed, with the intent of allowing free flow of trade across EU borders, creating the ‘Single Market’. (European Union, n. d., para 5). The Maastricht Treaty in 1993 established the European Union (EU), of which the EEC was a main component. The EU was formed with the goal of unifying Europe’s nations under one united foreign policy, common citizenship rights, trade rights and a single currency, called euro. (Pruitt S., 2016). Although the UK became a part of the EU in 1973, the relationship between the UK and the EU has been a turbulent one. The UK applied first applied for EEC membership in 1963. But France’s President Charles de Gaulle vetoed its application, on the worry that English would replace French as the main language of the community. But in 1973, UK was finally allowed into EEC under Conservative Prime Minister Edward Heath. (The Telegraph, 2016). But within two years, UK was on the verge on leaving the EEC. In 1975, UK voted on the referendum to whether stay or leave the EEC. 67 percent voted to remain in the EEC. Tension again began in 1984, when UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher wanted to reduce British payments to the EEC budget. At that time, the UK was the third poorest country of the EEC, but was paying a lot more to the budget due to its lack of farms. At that time, farm subsidies made up 70 percent of total expenditure. The UK, due to its relatively few farms, got a very small share of the farm subsidies. Margaret Thatcher with her tough talks managed to reduce Britain’s contribution to the EEC from more than 20 percent to about 12 percent. The UK also had issues with the EU regarding France’s ban of British beef during â€Å"mad cow† disease outbreak in the late 90’s, to the decision to allow British chocolates to be sold to rest of Europe in 2000, after a 27-year long dispute. Decision to vote for Brexit In 2011, David Cameron became the first UK prime minister to veto a EU treaty. This was done to protect London’s financial sector and stop a levy on banks. In 2013, he made a speech where he outlined the challenges faced by EU and committed to renegotiate UK’s membership with the EU. At the same time, a lot of support began among British people for the UK Independence Party (UKIP), which held a hard stance with the EU. An ongoing migrant crisis and an economic unrest in the Eurozone increased anti-Europe sentiments. With the increasing support for the UKIP, David Cameron made a pledge in 2013 that if the Conservatives were in power after the 2015 election, there will be an in/out referendum. (Wright O. & Cooper C., 2016) . After coming to power after the election, Cameron promised the vote by end of 2017. He continued his renegotiation with the EU and had managed to make new deals for Britain, which he said was a strong basis to back a Remain vote. To remove the EU vote from holding headlines in the political agenda, David Cameron set an early referendum date of 23rd June, 2016. Reasons for and against Brexit After the decision for the referendum date was taken, a lot of polarizing took place for both sides of the vote-leave or remain. Campaigns for both leave and remain had contrasting opinions of the issues at large. Views for both leave and remain campaign regarding the important issues are discussed below. Main issues of Brexit A lot of arguments for the leave campaign was based on the fact of economic freedom of the UK from the EU, control of UK border from the migrant crisis and trade deals. Arguments of remain was that the vision of the leave campaign lacked convincing detail. (Buttonwood, 2016). Economic Issues The leave campaign had the view that the UK’s links with the EU meant that it cannot make individual trade links with emerging markets like China or India. Leaving the EU would allow UK to diversify its trade deals. However, the remain campaign pointed the fact the 44 percent of UK’s export goes to the other EU countries. Leaving the free-trade agreement of the EU would hurt UK’s economy and leaving EU would be counterproductive. Remain also argued that leaving the EU will hurt the banking industry in UK as trading advantages of being inside the EU helps the banks make profit. The leave campaign rubbished those fears and believed that London would remain a financial capital outside of EU, and banks would still want to be based in UK due to low tax rates. Immigration and Jobs People for the leave campaign had the view that the UK cannot control their border as long they remained a part of EU. EU gives freedom of movement to other EU citizens and an automatic right to live in the UK. (Smith-Riley B., 2016). The immigration crisis also triggered very polarized views. EU had the belief that aiding the refugees was a moral obligation. (Mauldin J., 2016). But people who wanted UK to leave EU had the viewpoint that immigration was a national issue and each country should have their own say on whom they want to enter their country. Remain campaign were of the view that leaving would not solve the migration crisis, but simply shift border control from France to the UK. Regarding jobs, nearly 2.5 million people are employed in UK due to EU trade, which gives freedom of movement for EU citizens. The remain campaign held the view that closing the borders would result in loss of some of those jobs, raising unemployment in the country. Also, businesses may invest less in the UK as they may have to pay high taxes for import and export, outside of â€Å"free trade†. The leave campaign was of the view that the job loss claims were exaggerated. In fact, jobs may flourish in the UK if they can provide better incentives to new businesses like low corporation tax. Defense and Sovereignty Issues People for the leave campaign had the belief that the UK may have to contribute to a EU army to fight against terrorism and other threats. Such a contribution would take away funds and independence from UK’s own military. Remain campaign argued that countries working together would give the best chance to the EU to counter terrorism threats from ISIS and other countries which wants to undermine the EU. Many people who supported the notion of leaving the EU believed that multinational organizations take away control from the individual nations. There was growing mistrust between the countries, coupled with a simultaneous rise in nationalism. There were calls for further economic integration after the euro crisis, which was opposed by the euro sceptics. Remain campaign argued that in this age of globalization, countries must have common economic goals to sustain a healthy economy benefiting everyone. They argued that it is better to remain a part of EU and help change the rules from inside, rather than leave it altogether and have no say in any new decision makings. What happened on June 23rd 2016? How did UK vote? On June 23rd 2016, over 33 million people of the UK countries of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland cast their vote to either leave or remain in the EU. Leave won by 51.9% to 48.1%. But the voting pattern was different in the 4 countries. While England and Wales voted to leave the EU, Scotland and Northern Ireland voted remain. But the overall vote count had leave have more votes than remain. A breakdown of the vote for leave and remain for the individual countries is given below. Figure 1. Voting pattern for Brexit of the 4 UK countries- in percentages (Hunt A. & Wheeler B., 2017) There was a political fallout as the immediate result to vote for Brexit. Scotland, who had decided to vote to remain in the EU, were forced to leave as the UK voted as a whole. Scotland wanted to go for another referendum to vote and decide whether to remain as a part of the UK, or gain independence and apply to the EU as an independent nation. Prime Minister David Cameron, who led the remain campaign, announced to resign from his position. Theresa May was appointed as the new Prime Minister of UK on 13th July 2016. From the beginning, she was firm in her decision that no attempts should be made by UK to remain as a part of EU or to rejoin it after Brexit. On the other hand, Eurosceptic leaders celebrated as they strongly wanted to withdraw from European Union, or diminish the scope of EU’s legislative influence. There was a political uproar throughout the whole country because people plunged into the phase of uncertainty that could not only affect the global political situation, but also could impact the world economy. Economic & Global impact European single market is a trade bloc, that enables free trade between 28 countries (including UK) that come under the European union. This single market not only enables easy navigation of goods and services between the member countries, and easement of several trading barriers, but also boosts economic growth, helps in effective governance of trade practices, and improves the overall standard of living in the member countries. Brexit will not only hinder smooth trade practices but will also affect the financial markets. Currency Turbulence â€Å"Just a day after Brexit, it had been seen that pound fell sharply against euro. On June 24th, the pound fell to a 31 year low against the dollar.† (Allen K. and Monaghan A., 2016). Sterling also fell against euro. This weaker status of pound against euro brought tension among holidaymakers, tourists, and exporters because pound could then fetch lesser returns and made trading more competitive. Tourists from UK couldn’t travel Europe as comfortably like before as they got lesser money’s worth after Brexit. Reduced Trade The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, popularly known as OECD, which is an association for developed nations, has stated that Brexit would bring a â€Å"major negative shock† in UK. France, Germany and Italy are the stronger members of European Union. They are also key trading allies of UK. But now due to Brexit there will be reduction of trade with these countries due to stringent regulatory policies and lesser labor mobility. UK cannot easily access the European single market. By 2020, GDP would be over 3 percent smaller than otherwise in the U.K.† (Rafal Kierzenkowski et. al., 2016) Domino Effect UK has been the first state to withdraw membership from EU. Since no other state has withdrawn the membership from EU, this could frame a pattern or design that will enable the other member states to increase their momentum of membership withdrawal from EU. In fact, after Britain’s exit from EU, Alternative for Germany (AfD) chairman Bjorn Hocke said I know the German people want to be free of EU slavery.† On the other hand, there can be a different outlook towards exit. â€Å"For instance, Scotland might leave the U.K. to become a stand-alone nation within the EU (like the Republic of Ireland).†Ã‚  (Geewax M., 2016). In a nutshell, Brexit will keep bringing rippling effect that will not only bring disruption in political front or obstruction in the flow of labor, capital and commerce; but will also increase Euroscepticism among the present member states of EU. Brexit’s influence on various industries Housing and commercial property The unreliability and unpredictability of the market after the referendum’s result came out, freaked out the Investors, which also affected the commercial property sector. Estate agents were more affected than house builders. As per Anthony Codling, an analyst at Jefferies, housing sector would be comparatively less affected because government helped the first-time buyers with financial aids. In fact, demand for houses would be vigorous but the cost of construction would keep rising. Building shares kept declining and the most affected housebuilders were Taylor Wimpy, Barkley and Baratt. In FTSE 100, they lost more than 4% in addition to their land securities. (Inman P. and Farrell S., 2016) Retail Retail sector was badly hit, which was already going through a lot of pressure. In fact, before the voting results were even declared, an atmosphere of uncertainty was creeping up. The shopping habits of majority of consumers took a different path. They stopped spending on things that do not come under necessary products. For example, the fashion sales declined drastically and saw the biggest drop in their sales for seven years. As most of the fashion retailers purchase their raw materials from Asia and pay them in dollars, they have been affected more due to the drop in the value of pound.   But some companies have benefitted as well. We know that deflation is the situation in which the supply of money in an economy gets diminished. During this time the purchasing power of money is greater. So, Brexit would help to bring relief to Britain’s supermarkets, which couldn’t earn their desired revenues in last two years due to the deflationary environment. Also, FTSE 100 index is currently at 7343.08 compared to 6338.10 on the day of referendum. This index basically depicted many companies which earned in dollars and not in pounds in UK. Hence, when there was a decline in the value of the pound compared to dollar, their returns multiplied. Telecom â€Å"Vodafone’s announcement that it could  move its headquarters out of the UK  brought one of the most striking impacts of the referendum on corporate Britain.†Ã‚  (Rhiannon B. et. al., 2016).    Since EU has a pivotal role in regulating the telecom sector, Brexit has already put forward many questions against Britain’s own telecom industry. A Spanish telecom company called Telefonica also began their assessment and evaluation of their UK based subsidiary company named O2. An attempt was made to sell O2 to Hong Kong’s CK Hutchison, but that unfortunately got hindered due to concern over competition. Later in October 2016, Telefonica has also renounced their plan of listing O2 in the London Stock Exchange due to the tumult created by Brexit. Also, there could have been rise in the momentum of Vodafone’s merger with the company called Liberty Global, which had taken over British cable group Virgin Media in 2013 to branch out into Europe’s cable market. But due to the turmoil created by Brexit, the valuation of Virgin Media had significantly dropped. Insurance Insurance companies had to mandatorily comply with Solvency II directive of European Union Law. This rule aims in harmonizing EU insurance regulation. Solvency II consists of three pillars, viz., pillar 1, pillar 2 and pillar 3. Pillar 1 states the quantitative requirements and resources that insurance companies need to maintain for meeting the liabilities. Pillar 2 deals with risk management structure, which helps to foresee risk against which capital must be held. Pillar 3 deals with transparency and disclosure of risk and meeting the capital requirements. Lord Turnbull, the former civil service head who served as a board member of Prudential, believed that Brexit would help the global companies who wanted to disassociate themselves from the complex directive of Solvency II. Also, after Brexit investors were in dilemma because of its harm on balance sheets and regular business operations. That’s why insurers had to struggle to minimize the immediate problem of share price fluctuations. Legal & General’s stock declined substantially by 30pc in two days, before it reassured shareholders that its solvency and cash generation were retaining properly. (Williams C., 2016) Energy National Grid and SSE have both urged the Government to ensure Britain remains in the EU’s internal energy market (IEM) that will enable them to perform smooth trading of electricity and gas between UK and the European countries. (Williams C., 2016). Since EU laid an easy pathway for UK to make smooth dealing in regards to receive the utilities and benefits of energy sector, Brexit would bring disruption in the whole process that ran with a continuous synergy. Therefore, the UK consumers will now have to incur more costs for energy consumption because UK’s exit from EU could lead to 500 million pounds rise in the cost of procuring energy as a resource. Transport Airline industry has also been badly hit due to Brexit. Sterling’s sharp depreciation has brought perplexity in the aviation sector because this decline in the value of sterling would reduce the demand to travel. This drop in the value would make traveling more expensive. EasyJet has already speculated that they will have less passengers to travel during summer months, and this uncertainty has forced them to rethink whether they should carry on their business in UK or not. Positive Aspects Pounds weakness would increase tourism in UK. People from all around the world can visit and spend comparatively more than what it used to be before. UK’s hospitality industry can flourish more. Big touristy attractions like Madame Tussauds or Legoland can gain more foot traffic. Even the renowned restaurants and pubs can get more customers. Current Scenario of Brexit’s Implementation Theresa May, the current Prime Minister of the UK has stated that she will trigger Britain’s exit from the EU by end of March, 2017 and begin the two years of negotiations. To begin the negotiations, she must invoke Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty, and decide on what deals the UK will make with the EU. According to the deals to be made, people are terming it as either a â€Å"hard† Brexit or a â€Å"soft† Brexit.   Article 50 None of the states have ever left European Union; Britain was the first to do so. This has created a lot of turmoil in global economy. The rules for withdrawal or exit is mentioned in Article 50 of the Treaty of Lisbon. Lisbon Treaty aimed to make EU more transparent and efficient in functioning. It was a treaty that was agreed by the head officials of EU member countries. But since UK has left the EU, Prime Minister Theresa May would trigger Article 50 by the end of March 2017. Though the decision of the referendum was taken in a day, the process of leaving EU will be time consuming. After Article 50 is triggered, no directives or rules of EU that exercise control over its member states, will be applied to Britain. Britain and EU will then become two individual parties to any contracts or agreements, and will have to take every decision through bargains and negotiations. Many economists believe that creating future trade relationships or agreements on crucial policies like immigration or trade tariffs between UK and EU countries can become more difficult and burdensome. Figure 2. Steps to be taken for UK to leave the European Union (Hunt A. & Wheeler B., 2017) Hard and Soft Brexit A hard Brexit will be an arrangement where the UK will surrender its full access to the single market and customs union along with the EU. (Sims A., 2016). The trade relationship will be based initially on the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules. Going for a hard Brexit will give the UK full control of its border, and decide on trade deals on its own. A soft Brexit on the other hand will mirror the current deals the UK has with the EU as much as possible. It will lose having a seat on the European Council, but may keep access to the open trade market of the EU. The leave campaign members are more inclined towards going for a hard Brexit approach, while the remain campaign wants to take the path of a soft Brexit. However, both approaches come with their own pros and cons. International Trade Secretary, Liam Fox, has said a hard Brexit approach would benefit the UK by making it a global trading nation. (Sims A., 2016). However, leaving the open market may subject the British goods and services to tariffs, as well as increase bureaucratic checks on goods. If the UK decides to go for a soft Brexit, London’s position as a financial hub may be kept intact if the UK decides to allow the EU rule of free movement of European nationals to work and settle in the UK. Supreme court ruling The latest update of Brexit’s implementation is the Supreme court ruling. Justices ruled that Prime Minister Theresa May cannot use the privilege to trigger  Article 50  of the Lisbon Treaty and begin the two-year process of negotiating the UKs separation from its EU partners. (Telegraph Reporters, 2017). Britain’s Supreme court has also ruled out that the UK government must hold vote in the Parliament before beginning the process of annulment. (Greene Allen R. & Dewan A., 2017). Though UK Government was dissatisfied with this new ruling but they would abide by it. Jeremy Wright, Attorney General of England and Wales, told reporters that they would agree to court’s ruling but would also take every measure to implement Brexit. Theresa May is playing the key role in enacting Brexit and she looks forward to execute all the plans by the end of March 2017, in association with all who voted for leaving EU. References   (1) Hunt, A. & Wheeler, B. (2017) Brexit: All you need to know about the UK leaving the EU. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-32810887 (2) European Union. (n. d.) The history of European Union. Retrieved from:   https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history_en#1945_-_1959 (3) Pruitt, S. (2016) The history behind Brexit. Retrieved from: http://www.history.com/news/the-history-behind-brexit (4) The Telegraph. (2016) Britain’s 40-year relationship with the EU. Retrieved from:http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/16/britains-40-year-relationship-with-the-eu/ (5) Wright, O. & Cooper, C. (2016) Brexit: What is it and why are we having an EU referendum? Retrieved from: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/what-is-brexit-why-is-there-an-eu-referendum-a7042791.html (6) Buttonwood. (2016) Eu Referendum- The arguments for voting remain. Retrieved from: http://www.economist.com/blogs/buttonwood/2016/06/eu-referendum-2 (7) Smith-Riley, B. (2016) Leave or remain in the EU? The arguments for and against Brexit. Retrieved from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/16/leave-or-remain-in-the-eu-the-arguments-for-and-against-brexit/ (8) Mauldin, J. (2016) 3 Reasons Brits voted for Brexit. Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnmauldin/2016/07/05/3-reasons-brits-voted-for-brexit/#1c8d5991f9d6 (9) Allen, K. & Monaghan, A. (2016) Brexit fallout- the economic impact in six key charts. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jul/08/brexit-fallout-the-economic-impact-in-six-key-charts (10) Kierzenkowski, R., Pain, N., Rusticelli, E. & Zwart, S. (2016) The economic consequences of Brexit- A taxing decision. Retrieved from: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/the-economic-consequences-of-brexit_5jm0lsvdkf6k-en (11) Geewax, M. (2016) Circle June 23. A vote that day in the U.K. could affect your wallet. Retrieved from: http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/10/481424109/circle-june-23-a-vote-that-day-in-the-u-k-could-affect-your-wallet (12) Inman, P. and Farrell, S. (2016) Pound hits 31-year low after disappointing service sector data. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jul/05/pound-hits-31-year-low-after-service-sector-data (13) Rhiannon, B., Dakers, M. & Martin, B. (2016) UK firms mull moves in wake of Brexit. Retrieved from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/06/29/uk-firms-mull-moves-in-wake-of-poll/ (14) Williams, C. (2016) What does Brexit mean for the key parts of the UK economy? Retrieved from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/07/02/what-does-brexit-mean-for-the-key-parts-of-the-uk-economy/ (15) Sims, A. (2016) What is the difference between hard and soft Brexit? Everything you need to know. Retrieved from: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-hard-soft-what-is-the-difference-uk-eu-single-market-freedom-movement-theresa-may-a7342591.html (16) Telegraph Reporters. (2017) Brexit ruling: The Supreme Court judgement in full. Retrieved from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/24/brexit-ruling-supreme-court-judgment-full/ (17) Greene Allen, R. & Dewan, A. (2017) Brexit ruling: UK Supreme Court gives parliament Article 50 vote. Retrieved from: http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/24/europe/brexit-article-50-supreme-court-ruling/

Pharmaceutical Science and My Interest in Chemistry Essay

I pursued bachelor of pharmacy from Sarada Vilas College of pharmacy, Mysore One of the best academic institutions for pharmacy under Rajiv Gandhi University of health sciences. Prospective Interest—— chemistry Pharmaceutical science is a multi faceted field, which incorporates a myriad number of subjects, which Include biotechnology, physiology, pharmacology, pharmaceutics, molecular biology so on and so forth. But one field that stands out in its contribution to pharmacy is chemistry. The four years of my course work in B-pharmacy have convinced me of the fact that pharmaceutical research is on a pedestal whose weight is borne to a maximum extent by chemistry. The contribution of chemistry is ever increasing. The advent of proteomics and computational sciences including molecular modeling studies have given a new attire to applied chemistry and their range of application and potential for research motives me to take chemical sciences as my major. It is also logical of me to choose chemistry as a major because I have a firm belief that I can ultimately come well in pharmacy only if I am well equipped with the very groundwork that supports it. I am fully aware of the commitment and perseverance required for the research and believe that my aptitude and confidence will see me through the challenge. I am also confident that given an opportunity, I can contribute to the ongoing work in your graduate program in a productive manner. I hope my credentials are found worthy of admission hopefully with financial aid at your esteemed University. Admission to the department of chemistry at our university could well be that golden foundation upon which the entire edifice of my scientific career rests. I am eager to pursue my quest for knowledge by supplementing my bachelor’s degree with a master’s Degree followed by a doctoral program. My schooling at JNM high school has given me the initial proclivity towards chemical sciences as the interesting facts, it created in me a profound curiosity towards knowing more about chemistry and related sciences. Understanding that to properly pursue a goal in the field, a sound foundation in pharmacy is required; I took the highly competitive common entrance exam conducted by the Andhra Pradesh state government and was among the 10% of the test takers. These accomplishments had given me an opportunity to select pharmacy as my major in undergraduate study. My education at Saradavilas College of pharmacy is filled with great competence. The undergraduate Courses of the pharmacy curriculum have given me a comprehensive exposure to all the core fields and it helped me not only in building a strong foundation of the fundamentals but also in developing an overall perspective about the myriad fields involved like inorganic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmaceutics, pharmacology, pharmaceutical analysis and natural Products. Coupled with intense lab work, my curriculum has enabled me to appreciate and understand Theoretical concepts to the fullest extent with the added improvements in sensitive skills like handling of instruments and carrying out delicate experiments. Preference for us universities At the fag end of my undergraduate course I felt that a bachelor’s degree would in no way satisfy my appetite for learning. The interaction I had with academia and the information I gathered about the Novel research being done have convinced me that studying at a university in the USA would give me Superlative chance of satisfying my ambitions. The high quality of education, the broadened exposure to the practical projects and live research Work that American universities provide has inspired me to pursue my graduate studies in USA.

Dedayo Petroleum and Investment - Business Investment Plan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2230 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? DEDAYO PETROLEUM AND INVESTMENT LIMITED THE BUSINESS AND INVESTMENT PLAN DEDAYO PETROLEUM AND INVESTMENT LIMITED TABLE OF CONTENT COVER PAGE TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER ONE Mission and Success Factor Mission 1.1 Our Mission Statement Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dedayo Petroleum and Investment Business Investment Plan" essay for you Create order Keys To Success CHAPTER TWO Company Summary and Risk Management 2. 0The Company (Company Target) 2.1 The Marketing Plan Company Summary 2.3Company Ownership 2.4Risk Management CHAPTER THREE THE INDUSTRY 3.0Industry (Brief Analysis) 3.1Players in the Industry 3.2Some Players in the Industry CHAPTER FOUR DISTRIBUTION AND BUYING PATTERN 4.0The Channel of Distribution 4.1Identifiable Buying Pattern 4.2Our Distribution Strategy CHAPTER FIVE THE COMPETITORS AND THE COMPETITIVE COMPARISON 5.0Main Competition 5.0.1Their Strength 5.0.2Their Weakness CHAPTER SIX UNIQUE BUSINESS SELLING PROPOSITION 6.0Our Chances of Survival CHAPTER SEVEN MANAGEMENT SUMMARY and JOB REQUIREMENT 7.0MANAGEMENT TEAM CHAPTER EIGHT 8.0PROJECTED CASHFLOW and BALANCE SHEET CHAPTER NINE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION CHAPTER ONE Mission and Success Factor Mission DEDAYO PETROLEUM AND INVESTMENT LIMITED (DPIL) is a marketing company, whose aim is to meet the existing need of the whole segment client through the purchase and sales of very high quality products. Our products range shall include the sales of Diesel(DPK) Kerosene(AGO) Petrol(premium motor spirit) Domestic gas Industrial gas etc 1.1Our Mission Statement KINDLY FILL Keys To Success Many years of experience in petroleum and allied products marketing informed our decision to take the business to the next level. We are conversant with the nature, pattern and segmentation of the petroleum and allied products industry in Nigeria. We currently have customers within and outside Lagos whose loyalty we are not in doubt of. We are sure of enjoying their patronage. Our pricing shall be very competitive and still be the original quality. This is due to the fact that our source is also very competitive. Apart from the customers who come to the company, which shall be our major target, we shall establish links with reputable institutions, and other strategic businesses to give our products a wide reach through efficient distributive system. We shall build a strong corporate image by stepping up our customer service beyond average by training our staff and providing a cozy business environment where every customer can relax while doing business. CHAPTER TWO Company Summary and Risk Management 2. OTHE COMPANY (COMPANY TARGET) DEDAYO PETROLEUM AND INVESTMENT LIMITED (DPIL) is focusing on the petroleum and allied product market. These products are in high demand both by individuals and institutions across the federation and beyond. The major reason is the success of the consolidation/reforms in the economy that has encouraged the growth of the organized private sector (both direct and indirect investments) as well as the public sector that have seen the potentials of the vast opportunity available for investment in the country. Another reason is the ongoing developments of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) across the nation which is encouraging higher demand of petroleum and allied products. Individual entrepreneur carving out a niche for themselves in the economy further drive the demand for these products to a higher scale in their quest to turn their business around for greater profitability. DPIL is targeting the entire sectors The public sector. The private sector The abridge sector(public private initiatives) 2.1The Marketing Plan While the business plan contains the general thrust of DPIL, the marketing plan shall outline our market strategies and tactics with details on the when, where, and how our goals will be achieved. This information shall only be available to the principal and executive staff of DPIL. Company Summary DEDAYO PETROLEUM AND INVESTMENT LIMITED (DPIL) (erstwhile known and address as the company) has been in the petroleum and allied products sales since 2010. The company is reorganizing to position itself in order to partake in the ever growing market. The company will source products from local market and as a long term goal imports her products in consignment and sell to wholesalers and retailers who may be individual dealers or corporate dealers. We shall be innovative and very responsive to changes in the market and from customers. The company shall focus on the national market. It shall develop a loyal customer base at the shortest time possible through its competitive pricing policy and high quality products. 2.3Company Ownership Principally its operators shall own the company. However, He shall welcome investors with similar vision and individuals whose ideas would promote the goals of the company both in the short and long terms. In other words, He is open to fina nciers and extremely brilliant individuals who share our visions and aspirations. In the short-term the company shall remain private, pursing the goals of its owners with a sense of responsibility both to its customers and the community where it conduct business. 2.4Risk Management Good storage system/facility is very paramount in the business. Fire outbreak, theft, etc are all common risk associated with the selling of petroleum. These call for stringent precaution in order to avert financial and other losses to the company. To maintain a healthy cash flow, we shall sell only on cash. However, we shall keep credit facility to our proven and trusted customers at the barest minimum and all customers must pay within the stipulated period granted them. Where we can, all our facility will be built to reduce to the barest minimum these risks. Our transaction will be done on cash and carry basis. We shall take out insurance policy to insure our stocks and assets as extra pr ecaution against any eventuality. CHAPTER THREE THE INDUSTRY 3.0Industry (Brief Analysis) The petroleum industry in Nigerian has grown over the years offering products to consumers at premium price and quantity. They seek to supply the teeming population of Nigerians with product at every time that such is available for purchase at the terminal. Despite their efforts however, demands have remained relatively strong and there is insufficient products. The implication is that the supply of these products is not able to meet the high demand for it. This development has led to the advent entrant of new marketers on daily basis which has not also fully satisfied the yearning of the consumers. Hence there is always a wide gap to be filled It is because of this same circumstance that the industry has virtually no need to advertise. However, where the profit margin can absorb advertising, it will lead to greater volumes of sales especially now that there barely constant su pply of alternate source of energy to power their operations. 3.1Players in the Industry There are all kinds of petroleum products marketer in the Nigerian oil and gas industry. products sold ranges from DPK to AGO and Gas (both domestic and industrial).Marketers, who form the bulk of the supply side and in direct contact with the petroleum products end user, dominate the market especially at the product lifting terminal. They are largely unorganized and as such serve as a festering ground for marketing substandard products. Other major products sellers are organized and have a brand name and corporate image hence have little to do with the unorganized sector of the market The advantage for us is that since we seek to distribute only high quality products, we shall position ourselves to serve both sides (unorganized and organized) sectors of the market. 3.2Some Players in the Industry PLEASE SUPPLY NAMES AND ADDRESS OF MAJOR COMPANY 1. 2 3 4 5 CHA PTER FOUR DISTRIBUTION AND BUYING PATTERN 4.0The Channel of Distribution The distribution of our products shall take the following pattern: it shall be distributed among Banks Eateries Private companies Public Institutions Religious Institutions Small-medium enterprises Sole proprietors. 4.1Identifiable Buying Pattern Major dealers buys directly from the terminal and sell to major companies Users/Retailers buy from dealers. Major companies buy petroleum products from major dealers. Freelance salesmen and itinerants buy from major dealers 4.2Our Distribution Strategy Our distribution shall be targeted at all categories of customers (buyers) listed in 4.0 We shall practice marginal price discrimination in order to service the different categories. We shall market other products dealers that sell to other clients that not fall within our target market segment. We shall undertake to deliver our products first to customers who purchase substantial volumes especially within Lagos. We shall target clients with multiple operational facilities and or offices. We shall advertise our products through all available and affordable advert means. We shall seek to deliver products adjudge quality always and rely on referrals, word of mouth and recommendation from our clients. CHAPTER FIVE THE COMPETITORS AND THE COMPETITIVE COMPARISON 5.0Main Competition We have a number of DPK and AGO buyers as competitors at the terminal, which include: PLEASE NAME THESE COMPANY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5.0.1Their Strength They are well known and have been in the business for a very long time. They are big time buyers of DPK and AGO and have the advantage of economic scale. They are well organized business entities with a number of employees on their payroll. Their business environments are attractive. They deliver bulk purchases to customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ door steps. They never advertise but rather depend on referrals. 5.0.2Their Weakness They donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t practice price discrimination or market segmentation by selling to just anybody thus they work against an effective market distributive chain. They donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have a distinctive market strategy. They seem to concentrate on big companies that are already popular, thereby excluding other companies that are not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Bigà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which could have increase their client base. Their customer service delivery is relatively poor. CHAPTER SIX UNIQUE BUSINESS SELLING PROPOSITION 6.0Our Chances of Survival 1)We have a target market and a clear marketing goal à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" We shall sell directly to our clients spanning across the nation (Banks, Eateries, Private companies, Public Institutions, religious institution, Small-medium enterprises and sole proprietors.) 2)We shall offer incentives to our clients with multiple outlets. 3)To ensure constant cash flow we shall distribute our product in bits across our numerous clients. 4)Through solid marketing strategies, we intend to achieve voluminous sales, lower cost and good profit performance. 5)Two weeks maximum shall be allowed our client for them to pay up. 6)Priority shall be given to clients that are up to date in their payments above those lagging in payments 7)We shall step up customer service delivery by offering prompt service, quick response to customers enquiries, excellent telephone reception / response, minimum time for processing of customers requisition to delivery, cozy business environment etc. 8)Our knowledge of the oil and gas business spanning many years will also come handy. 9) We shall sell DPK and AGO according to their availability ensuring that our products are of the highest quality at any point in time. CHAPTER SEVEN MANAGEMENT SUMMARY and JOB REQUIREMENT 7.0MANAGEMENT TEAM PROFILE Competency shall be a core requirement for all our job placing. We require staff with a strong drive for success that is able to set target and achieve them within a time limit. CEO The CEO, Mr. Adewole Dayo an astute business man, will provide the vision and generally drive the company. He has more than 5 years wealth of experience in the oil and gas business, dealing directly with lifting terminal staff. He is a motivator and a rising force to reckon with in the oil and gas business in Nigeria. The marketing manager Must be an achiever with a flair for marketing. He must possess strong interpersonal and communication skills and one ready to meet our sales target. He should be able to organize the sales force to attain the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goal. The Accountant Must be a person with good accounting skills who will be entrusted with managing the running of the company from day to day. He should be able to plan and be disciplined to achieve the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial objectives. He should be able to make forecast on financial projections, customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ credits and maintain a healthy cash flow. He should be able to curtail the excesses of all other departments. His personal attributes must include trustworthiness and prudence with money. Driver Must be a person with competent dirving skill having all necessary drivers document. He also must possess a good transport inventory and ability to deliver products as at when due. CHAPTER EIGHT PROJECTED CASHFLOW and BALANCE SHEET SEE ATTACHED EXCEL SHEET PLASE PRINT THE EXCEL SHEET AND ATTACH TO THE DOCUMENT CASH FLOW ANAYSIS FOR THE PERIOD BETWEEN MARCH 1, 2015 MARCH 31, 2016. A.DPK 1.All calculations are in Naira 2.All transactions within the period are in cash 3.Dollar to naira equivalent is stable 4.Portfolio remains constant at N 1,500,000 5.Period under review is 12 month constant 6. A 12 months capital payback period envisaged (PAY BACK PERCENTAGE RANGES BETWEEN 20% AND 100%) 7. All calculation is for 7,000 litres DPK B.AGO 1.All calculations are in Naira 2.All transactions within the period are in cash 3.Dollar to naira equivalent is stable 4.Portfolio remains constant at N 1,500,000 5.Period under review is 12 month constant 6. A 12 months capital payback period envisaged (PAY BACK PERCENTAGE RANGES BETWEEN 20% AND 100%) 7. All calculation is for 7,000 litres DPK CHAPTER NINE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Based on the foregoing, DEDAYO PETROLEUM AND INVESTMENT LIMITED (DPIL) is as a marketing company seeking to expand its stake in the petroleum industry seeks your investment into its company. All income sourced shall be judiciously utilized within the frameworks of ethical and professional practice. Investors finances secured for the purpose of these needed expansion, shall be protected using all available means and ensure that the returns on investment are promptly paid. The company shall be willing to discuss further with our potential investor at any allotted time.

Anxiety Disorders Essay - 796 Words

This paper is going to be about anxiety disorders. I am going to explain what anxiety is and the different types of anxiety disorders. The types of anxiety I am going to talk about are Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Post-Traumatic Stress, Panic Disorder and Social Phobia. Anxiety is a normal reaction to stress. It helps some one deal with a tense situation in the office, study harder for an exam, keep focused on an important speech. In general, it helps some one cope. But when anxiety becomes an excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations, it has become a disabling disorder. Anxiety disorders are serious medical illnesses that affect approximately 19 million American adults. These disorders fill peoples lives†¦show more content†¦You may spend long periods touching things or counting. Most adults with this condition recognize that what theyre doing is senseless, but they cant stop it. Some people, though, particularly children with OCD, may not realize that thei r behavior is out of the ordinary. Post-Traumatic Stress: PTSD affects about 5.2 million adult Americans. Women are more likely than men to develop this disorder. It can occur at any age, including childhood, and there is some evidence that shows PTSD may run in families. The disorder is often accompanied by depression, substance abuse, or one or more other anxiety disorders. PTSD is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a terrifying event in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened. Traumatic events that may trigger this anxiety include violent personal assaults, natural or human-caused disasters, accidents, or military combat. People that suffer from PTSD have persistent frightening thoughts and memories of the frightening event and feel emotionally numb. This especially happens with people they were once close to. They may experience sleep problems, feel detached or numb, or be easily startled. Panic Disorder: Panic disorder affects about 2.4 million adult Americans. It is twice as common in women as in men. It most often begins during late adolescence or early adulthood. Risk of developing panic disorder appears to be inherited. Not everyone who experiences panicShow MoreRelatedAnxiety Disorder And Anxiety Disorders1075 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition for anxiety from a text book stand point. Someone that has or has experienced anxiety would describe it differently. An anxiety problem can be developed through genetics, past life events, and personality. Anxiety can be broken down into six different branches: generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, and social anxiety disorder. 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Fletcher, Student, Liberty University. Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Jeffrey S. Fletcher, Jfletcher1@liberty.edu Abstract This research paper is designed to review articles and books of professional journals in anxiety disorders, definition of anxiety disorder, review of current and past treatments of anxiety disordersRead MoreState Anxiety And Anxiety Disorders3266 Words   |  14 Pagesincrease in research on anxiety. Ever since, special clinics have been introduced in order to help deal with anxiety disorders. It is suggested that the growth in research is due to anxiety being regarded as one of the most prominent and pervasive emotions, causing distress and negatively affecting large numbers of people. As stated by Rachman (2004), anxiety is described as the experience of unpleasant feelings and the unsettling anticipation of a threatening but vague event. 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A Study On A Business Management - 1470 Words

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I took English 102 with Dr. Mary Ellen Bellanca during my first semester. Her class helped ground me with a basic knowledge of fundamental English skills and to have a better grasp on how to research sources and connect them to the thesis and main ideas of my papers. I chose to include a submission from her class to demonstrate my ability to use research to form a very clear and well-written research paper. I also met the most influential teacher of my college career in a Creative Writing class. His name was Dr. RayShow MoreRelatedBusiness Management Case Study1098 Words   |  5 PagesI have my associates degree in Office Management that I obtained in 2015. Last year, my husband and I decided to start on our bachelor’s degree in Business Management together. I am married to my amazing husband for twenty years and we have three amazing children. 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Computerised Environmental Control and Plant Management Systems Free Essays

For the new modern state of the art green houses there is the ability to run a computerised plant control system which controls the heat and ventilation of the greenhouse. It is likely that there will be different requirements for the system through the year. Alteration on the computer programme will allow the greenhouse environment to be adjusted which will help the growth of certain plants. We will write a custom essay sample on Computerised Environmental Control and Plant Management Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Building a state of the art greenhouse with a computerised environmental control system will enable Progress Plants to create the best possible conditions for the plants. There is an array of climate condition which the Ventilation control creates. Moreover a computerised environmental control system helps towards greater savings of energy. And additionally help the progress of growth and plant management through a computerised control system. Additionally it will allow them to offer unusual plants at unusual times as they can create a season for the plants which can become an attraction if they bring in foreign plants which otherwise cannot be grown in the UK. The staff in the nursery as well as the head gardener will have more time on their hands as the Computerised environmental control system will water and add nutrients to the plants and create a perfect environment for the growth of the plants, as well as the fact staff won’t be needed to do regular checks on the plants so this means hours of staff can be cut down which leads to lower salary rates or some staff maybe made redundant or they could be given additional jobs within Progress Plants which reduces the number of staff needed and the current staff feel more important due to playing a bigger role within the business which helps productivity. Staff training may be needed to run the computerised plant control system so to save the business time and money they can be trained while the business is installing the system moreover it means that Progress Plants will not have to hire specialist staff which will cost more money and time. These changes will have to be made effectively and looked into as it can cause problems if they do not tackle the issues effectively. Due to using a computerised system to take over human roles there will be fewer mistakes made and there will be no need to motivate it as it is a machine which will constantly run saving the business money and time by giving plants heat and water when necessary. But the computer may break down which means that it will not be able to look after the plants, moreover it will cost a lot of money to fix and repair as well as set up and there will be distractions of moving the plants into a suitable place of storage and can be unhealthy which will be bad for the clients. Overall, the computerised control system for the greenhouses if affectively installed, run and developed will create a huge advantage for Progress Plants. Using this technology will lead to an increase in sales and profit which will benefit Progress Plants. Also the plants will be healthier than normal and increase sales with the benefit of being able to offer an unusual variety of plants. Additionally it will create a bigger marketing opportunity for Progress Plants. How to cite Computerised Environmental Control and Plant Management Systems, Essay examples

Top 5 fundamentals of Computer Security

Question: Discuss about the Top 5 fundamentals of Computer Security . Answer: Basic Network Diagram Of Home Network Along With Identification And Labelling Of The Workstations And The Other Devices Description Of The Home Network System The above network diagram is presently in vogue in my home. I have a main server connected to a router which is further connected to an internet service provider. My server is connected to six other devices, laptop of my father which he uses for official purposes, a printer cum scanner, a mobile phone and three other computers used by various people at home either for project making or book reading or simple internet surfing. Whenever anyone wants to log into the laptop or any other computer he or she has to log in the password which authenticates one to start using the device. All the devices have separate passwords and the passcode of the laptop is not known to anyone else but for my father since it has important confidential data stored. If any one of us wants to use it, then it is he who opens the lock of the system. However other computer systems are also protected by a password but the laptop uses a password at the confidential folder also. Only my mobile phone has got the acce ss to the computer system. Anybody cannot access the system. Adequate firewalls are also installed and the anti-viruses are run once a month or if there is a requirement then the same is run as per need. Passwords are not changed frequently. If a security issue is ever felt it is only then that the passwords are changed. Also the passwords of all the systems are different but easy to remember. Steps Of A Trojan Based Attack A Trojan is a malware and not a virus that is often camouflaged in the form of a justifiable software package. It enables the hackers and the other unauthorized entities to enter into the system of other users. Once the virus gets triggered, it gives full access to the hackers to overview and keep a track of whatever is happening in the system network, pilfer the important data and obtain backdoor entry to the entire network (Komando 2013). They are able to perform functions such as deletion, blocking, and copying of information from the hacked system for ones own malicious intents. The said virus disturbs the entire systems performance. Trojans, however cannot reproduce itself automatically (Symantec.com, 2013). An example of one such attack was seen in the year 2011 when the Japanese Government complained of their servers and computers f the Parliament being attacked by Trojan Horse Virus. This happened due to a negligent act of a politician who happened to click on an email attachment which was a spam. The government suspected that it was act by the Chinese who must have got access to important information and passwords within spick of a time till they could log off from the system (Russel, 2011). One such malicious act had occurred in the UK which lead to leakage of the drawing of the revolutionary wind turbine blades by its competitors who were the supposed hackers of the same. This led to a loss to the company as the competitor ended up manufacturing the same at a lower price. Thus the steps to attack using Trojan is very simple. Steps For Minimizing Avenues Of A Trojan Based Attack A Trojan based attack can be avoided or minimized if some careful steps are undertaken. The user has to be very careful before he downloads any file in his system. The origination and the data of the file to be downloaded should be known. Even though the person giving you the file for downloading is a known and a trusted one yet the same should be verified again as it may happen that the person providing with the file is himself unaware of any such malware. If there lies a little bit of a suspicion, the file should be checked such as its headings and what it flashes in the form of an advertisement. Also one can verify the information of a file before downloading it with help of available virus scanners (Lo, 2006). Further one should open up all the concealed extensions of a file before downloading it. This would enable one to know that a file which reads as amy.jpeg is actually amy.jpeg.exe which is a Trojan. Another way to minimize the Trojan based attack is by disabling features which downloads or previews file and folders as a routine affair. This is the most convenient method although yet to be safe from these attacks one should ensure that manual downloading and previewing is done. For example auto DCC get in mIRC is an auto-downloading and previewing feature which should always be kept disabled. One of the most common routes that these Trojan attackers take is by convincing people to open web addresses that they ask for or describe some false benefits about pre-formulated programs which basically are Trojans. Also one common mistake which all users do is that they overtly believe in the anti-virus programs. Users should understand the fact that they are backups which helps basically when something unlawful and harmful has already become a part of your system(Meier et.al. 2003). Describe The Approach To Both Workstation/Device And Network Level Security From A Trojan Based Attack The workstations as well as networks all have become prone to security risks with regards data stored and the functions that these workstations and the networks are expected to perform due to too much exposure to the internet. Even though dependence over the internet has increased tremendously over the last few decades yet one cannot afford to compromise with regards the accessibility of the information to any unknown person. A systematic approach has to be followed to ensure that the devices and the network are well protected from such hackers. A network security is more important as many systems are connected to each other and if the hacker enters a network then he can have access to various systems that are linked (Paquet, 2013). The most sought after security approach for any computer system or the networking system is that the system should deploy three important things i.e. maintenance of confidentiality of data, integrity checks , authorization of usage. Who would have access to the companys insight and data which is indispensable in nature should be picked up very carefully. Further it should also ensures that integrity is maintained. Users who are permitted to access and change sensitive data and information do not misuse their rights. It is very crucial that information of an organization is divided according to its importance. Data which should be secured should be stored and accessed only by those who are highly trusted. The custody of the data should be given as per its importance. This way it is easy for the organizations to fix responsibility in case of any mishaps. Data should be classified into various types and depending on the same security levels should imbibed into the system (intelligentedu.com, 2012). Data that is not of much importance, little or no effort is required for protecting the same from the Trojan attackers. Some data have restricted approach and if it falls into unwanted hands may have unruly impact upon the organization Some data are classified as confidential and some as secret in nature. The later requires greater security as its leakage may lead to graver damage as compared to the former. Further the number of people who get access to secret information is much less than the former. Another high level security is required for data which is termed as top-secret data. Companies even go to the extent of spending money so as to ensure its secrecy and security is maintained. Another form of classification of approach for ensuring security from the Trojan attackers are administrative and technical. Administrative policy for security maintenance of data is basically policy driven. The hackers may be a part of the organization as an employee and one would be unaware of the same. Thus adequate checks should be done of people before hiring them and also regular checks of hired employees should also be in place. Role change and transfers should be a part of the policy so as to understand if there is any loop holes. Trojan is nothing but a technology and to fight it successfully technology is the best solution. A full proof technical control system should be inculcated into a companys security program. The controls imbibed should be strong enough for safeguarding the information from the possible hackers. Some famous security controls are firewalls, intrusion prevention system, smart cards and biometric authentication devices. Thus these help to secure both single workstations as well as entire network (Daly 2009). The Three Security Problems The three security problem with regards workstations and the networks are : Web Cookies: The web cookies do not carry viruses and Trojans however if the cookies are not deleted and kept open then hackers or unauthorized users may have access to saved password sessions which may be harmful. This leads to very critical privacy issue (Bhardwaj Singh, 2011). Host sharing: This is one of the easiest ways for the Trojan attackers to get into your network system. Business houses who have a website of their own and that website is connected to the internal server or the host server is prone information security risks. Each site has a dedicated space in the server and unknowingly the Trojan may also take a space to reside and then attack over the confidential and the secret data. Outdated server applications: Business houses should update their servers and applications on a timely basis as the system hackers continuously keep on developing new hacks so as to disrupt the systems and networks and derive valuable information from the system thus harming the users. Thus the business house who simply rely on their old system without updating it on a regular basis are prone to such security issues (Pierce, 2012). Measures To Counter These Security Problems Web cookies should be encrypted on a regular basis and should have a preset time for expiry of these web cookies. The administrator should put in a rule in place that the every time a crucial information is being accessed by the authorized users they are to login and re-login. This provides better safety to the data. In the case of host sharing problem the website of a business house should not be linked to the host server. The accessibility of the host server should be limited as the important data is always stored here. The third security problem can be easily resolved if the administrator keeps oneself updated with the existing and the probable host malwares which may affect the system and ensure that programs updating applications are run from time to time (Eckel, 2009). Protection- PREVENTION DETECTION + RESPONSE Security Software Audit logs Scans the data and takes backups Anti-spyware programs Trojan infections are detected Anti spyware programs which are purchased help to remove these infection Auto run should be disabled Automatic installation of unwanted files Microsoft recommends how to disable the auto download facility Awareness with regards the spam mails Spam mails should be reported Deletion of spam mails Security Principle Essential For Maintaining Security Of Home Network Against Trojan One of the most sought after security principle which is most essential for maintaining security of home network against Trojan malware is to secure the VPN of your home network. For ensuring that the VPN is secured one of the most common ways adopted by network users are encryption of data and verification of self. An easy accessible network is more prone to Trojan malware. So as to ensure that the same is prevented timely review of the encrypted data on the server and the VPN software should be done. Usage of a firewall will also be helpful in separating the VPN network from others (Berry 2012). Summary Of Approach Adopted For Solving The Problem Of Home Network From The Attack Of Trojan On understanding the said malware in detail I have understood that the same could be countered by ensuring that the data accessibility of the network at home should be secured by a password which is very strong. Further the same should be changed on a timely basis so that the hacker finds it difficult to get inside the network. The VPN system should be verified and checked regularly by technicians who are expert and trusted professionals. Further timely backup of data and updation of application software on a continuous basis should be made a part of the system. The users should be educated with regards the spam mails and the fact that they should not entertain any of it as it may lead to destruction of the entire system in place. Important data should be protected by passwords and accessibility of the same should be permitted only via repeated logins by each new user. Updated firewalls and anti viruses should be in place too so as to secure the system from the problem of Trojan attackers. Summarization Of What Is Learnt On summarizing the entire write up I have learnt that to ensure that ones important data is not misused, adequate security walls should be instilled into the home network as well. Hackers can hack not only networks of organizations but also ones personal network installed in ones house. Trojan is found to be more dangerous than any other malware because of its nature to behave as a legitimate software program. This malware can easily disinfect ones network if not made aware of. Further emails should also be checked and viewed very carefully. Auto runs though may seem to be an easy way out yet these should be disabled at the earliest. Last but not the least, trying to save cost on installing anti-virus may lead to incurring a heftier loss for me, thus I have learnt that anti-virus ad firewalls should be made a part of my home network at the earliest and it should be updated regularly and not occasionally. 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